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The Economic Impact of Libraries

The Curious Relationship Between The Economic Impact of Libraries and Rising Development Levels Across the Globe.

When I moved to Warsaw many years ago, I noticed how every single district in my city had at least one public library. Some of them had more. I lived in different parts of the city, and there was always one at least 500 meters from my apartment or place of work.

My wife took me to get a library card so I could take books home to read. The process was quick and hassle-free.

And then I compare that with my home town, in Brazil. Despite being located in the richest of all Brazilian states, my city (77 thousand residents) had only 2 public libraries. That means 2.6 per 100,000 inhabitants (keep this number in mind for our later comparisons).

When I found the database put together by the World Cities Culture Forum (WCCF) with the number of libraries per 100,000 people in different cities, these memories came back to me.

Check also: Hold Your Breath: The World’s Dirtiest Cities.

Public Libraries per 100,000 Residents in Multiple Global Cities

The database from the WCCF has multiple cities and sources from different years, ranging from 2014 to 2021.

In the list below, I ignored the data prior to 2017 (since it is likely too old, especially when we think about countries like China that have changed immensely in the last 5 years).

City	Libraries per 100,000 residents
Warsaw	11.98
Seoul	11.5
Paris	8
Helsinki	5.7
Milan	5.4
Edinburgh	5.3
Dublin	3.8
San Francisco	3.4
Toronto	3.4
Lisbon	3.3
Amsterdam	3
Montreal	2.9
Taipei	2.85
Tokyo	2.84
Buenos Aires	2.8
Cape Town	2.6
Los Angeles	2.5
Barcelona	2.44
Melbourne	2.4
Austin	2.3
Moscow	2.3
Guangzhou	1.67
Rome	1.4
Sao Paulo	1.34
Hong Kong	1.1
Brasilia	1
Singapore	0.5
Abu Dhabi	0.41
Istanbul	0.3
Bogota	0.3
Nanjing	0.16
Lagos	0.1

Libraries per 100,000 residents. Source: WCCF.

A disclaimer: Nanjing may figure close to the bottom of the list, but this is due more to the fact that its massive Nanjing Library is actually multiple libraries put together under a single name, totaling more than 10 million books. That is why we will consider Lagos and Bogota instead of Nanjing as the two places with the lowest density of libraries.

The Economic Impact of Libraries: Poland and South Korea vs. Nigeria and Colombia

There are some interesting contrasts when we observe the cities in the two highest and lowest places in the table above.

Each one of the four cities is from a different continent, so Europe, Asia, Africa, and (South) America are all represented.

The second is that these four countries have very distinct histories.

The GDP per capita (or income per capita) of these four countries from 1981 to 2021 is shown below.

Income per capital of South Korea, Poland, Colombia and Nigeria from 1981 to 2021. Source: WorldBank

Nigeria was the richest of them in 1981, followed closely by South Korea and Colombia.

Poland at that time was still behind the Iron Curtain, so such data is not available; however, after the fall of communism in 1990, this information was also available there, and we can see that the income level of Poland was no different from Colombia, being also a poor country.

In other words, forty years ago, all these four countries were in a very similar situation.

Now, they are on extremely different paths. South Korea is now considered a developed country, while Poland’s economic growth is so strong that the country is attracting back its citizens who once emigrated to other European Union countries.

And here I am not only talking about comparing South Korea and Poland with Nigeria or Colombia.

Even when we make comparisons with similar countries, the performance difference is remarkable.

Bulgaria, for example, had a per capita income more than 30% higher than Poland only 30 years ago. Now Poland is significantly richer:

Income per capita of Poland and Bulgaria. Source: WorldBank

The same happens when we compare South Korea and Malaysia. They were in a very similar situation only 40 years ago. Now, South Korea has almost three times the Malaysian income per capita.

Income per capita of South Korea and Malaysia. Source: WorldBank

How could such an extraordinary change happen simultaneously on two different continents?

What Really Made Them Richer?

Probably by now, some of my readers are already foaming at the mouth to tell me that I am creating some spurious correlation by establishing a causal link between more libraries and higher income growth.

But that is not what I am doing here, although I recognize the positive economic impact of libraries.

It was not the opening and development of hundreds of libraries that made South Korea and Poland jump ahead of other economies.

But the impressive number of libraries per 100,000 residents both in Warsaw and Seoul is a proxy indicator of something much larger that went on in these two countries during the last two decades.

The Spectacular Leap in Education and Productivity

The high number of libraries is not a cause by itself but only an indicator of heavy investments made by governments in increasing literacy rates and access to knowledge.

That, ultimately, results in increased productivity per worker.

Check also: Polish habits that increase productivity.

Imagine the case of a farmer who produces 80 bushels of corn per acre on his family farm. If he is illiterate, he can only access the mouth-to-mouth knowledge obtained in the local markets or from his agricultural traditions, with nearly no knowledge of modern processes.

Teach this farmer to read, and he may discover a new method of sowing or a new fertilizer that will increase his yield to 120 bushels of corn per acre. His income (if prices remain stable) will skyrocket by 50%.

This simple example using agriculture could be expanded to numerous other fields, like services or industry. The productivity boost caused by increased access to knowledge is nicely captured by an indicator called GDP per person employed, which you may see below:

GDP per person employed (PPP $) — Korea, Rep., Poland, Nigeria, Colombia. Source: WorldBank to argue about the economic impact of libraries. — GDP per person employed (PPP $) — Korea, Rep., Poland, Nigeria, Colombia. Source: WorldBank

Thoughts?

If you enjoyed this article about the economic impact of libraries, here are a few other reading suggestions for you:

Why This Certain African Country Is Growing So Fast?

A Guide to the Easiest Countries to Adopt a Baby From

What to Do in Warsaw in One Day

The Dreamy Destination That’s 50% Cheaper to Live In than Spain or Florida

Subscribe (for free) to receive my articles directly in your inbox and receive a special gift. If you enjoy this article, please consider becoming a Medium member by using this link and have access to premium, unbiased content from authors not tied to big media.

Levi Borba is the founder of The Expatriate Consultancy, creator of the channel The Expat, and best-selling author. Some of the links of this article may be affiliate links, meaning that the author will have a commission for any transaction.

Best Countries Ranking

The Most Violent Cities in Europe by Country

Some surprising conclusions about the most dangerous city in each European country.

When people ask why I left Brazil, a warm country full of natural wonders, and moved to a cold place somewhere between central and eastern Europe, there is only one answer that raises no doubts:

To escape the violence.

I say that at the very beginning of this article to answer a possible criticism: none of these cities are really that violent when you compare them to the average city in South Africa, Mexico, Colombia, or Brazil (even relatively safe cities in Mexico, like Guadalajara, are more dangerous than the cities on this list).

Even with the drastic reduction of crime in Rio during the last decades, or with the quickly decreasing homicide rates in Sao Paulo, both cities are still more dangerous than almost all places on this list. Buenos Aires, in Argentina? Same story.

TL;DR: The European cities with the highest crime rates are often safer than the safest cities in places like Latin America or Africa, as you will see below.

I hope no resident of Bradford, Craiova, or any other municipality gets offended, especially considering the fact that I tried to make this as objective as possible, by using real criteria, like:

The registered homicide rate
The crime rate (and the violent crime rate).
Property crimes, like robberies and burglaries.
The Crime Index Score, an index developed by Numbeo using data from cities all over the world and their local inhabitants to determine the severity of perceived crime and safety levels.

The ranking below has the most dangerous place in each European country, but if we also wrote about the 10 most dangerous cities in Europe, and the dirtiest cities in the world (it has 1 European country mentioned).

With no further ado, let’s start our list of the most dangerous places in Europe.

Moving Out, Working Abroad and Keeping Your Sanity Cover — Book recommended: Moving Out, Working Abroad, and Keeping Your Sanity

The Most Dangerous City in the UK

When we talk about the United Kingdom, we are not talking about a country alone, but about four (or five, depending on the definition) under the same crown.

I tell you that because the most violent city in the UK is not in England, but Scotland. Therefore, our conclusion here also answers another question:

What is the most dangerous city in Scotland?

And it is Glasgow (we even wrote a complete guide regarding the safety of Glasgow).

Worst indicator of the city: Crime rate, where Glasgow had 1600 crimes per 100 thousand residents, according to the Institute for Economics and Peace.

Why Is Glasgow So Violent?

Glasgow is a city of extremes, from its architecture to its people. The city’s history is one of poverty, deprivation, and depression. In the 19th century, Glasgow was the center of the world’s cotton industry and was nicknamed “the Second City of the British Empire”.

However, by the start of World War I, it had become an industrial backwater compared with other industrial cities such as Manchester and Liverpool. The decline continued throughout the 20th century until it became known as “Glasgow’s darkest hour” in the 1990s when it suffered a financial crisis that saw more than 20% unemployment among young people and many large businesses going bust or relocating overseas.

Poverty and inequality are two key factors driving violence in Glasgow. The city has some of the worst health statistics in the UK; life expectancy is lower than the national average and rates of heart disease, diabetes and stroke are higher than elsewhere.

Glasgow also has one of the highest levels of child poverty in the UK — 32% compared to 20% of Edingburgh, the other large Scottish city. By the way, Edinburgh, a relatively safe city, was analyzed by us here.

The Most Dangerous City in England

If we consider only England, the most violent city is Bradford, in West Yorkshire.

Not only Bradford is the city where residents feel the most unsafe, but it is also in the center of one of the most violent regions in England.

Worst indicator of the city: Sexual offenses (22,870 cases in a single year). West Yorkshire also performs remarkably badly in the violent crime rate, with 111.6 violent crimes per 100 thousand residents.

Why Is Bradford So Bad?

The first reason why Bradford is so violent is that it has a high population density, meaning that many people are living in close quarters with each other. This makes it easier for criminals to escape detection, as well as makes it harder for police to patrol the streets.

The city also has a large number of gangs who fight over territory and control their respective areas by any means necessary. Many members of these gangs are former drug dealers or addicts themselves, who have turned to crime out of desperation or boredom after being expelled from school or work.

The city has also been hit by race riots and sexual crimes are tremendously high.

Bradford is one of the Unsafest Cities in Europe for Woman

The main causes of crime in Bradford are drugs, prostitution, and violent crimes. Bradford’s downtown is the most unsafe area, but Girlington, Clayton, Little Horton, and Manningham are also dangerous.

The city was notorious for rapes and sexual assaults for a while, especially in Keighley, a Bradford neighborhood that also harbored one of the many child grooming gangs that were active in the UK not long ago.

Bradford, one of the European cities with the highest crime rates, and one of the most violent cities in Europe. — Bradford, in England, is one of the European cities with the highest crime rates. Photo by Jon Farman, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The Most Violent Place in Austria

To talk about the most violent place in Austria is complicated because there is not really any violent place in Austria.

Even the Austrian capital (and largest city), Vienna, is among the safest in Europe. When Viennese people tell you that a place is “unsafe,” they mean “at risk of seeing drunk people somewhere.”

There is, however, one of its districts that has a higher number of property crimes.

It is called Favoriten.

Worst indicator of the place: Burglaries. A few years ago, Favoriten had over 4 thousand occurrences of this crime in a single year.

The Most Dangerous City in Belgium

No surprise here. Brussels is the most dangerous city in Belgium.

Brussels is also one of the few cities on this list that has levels of violence comparable to some large cities in Latin America or Africa.

Crime rate in Brussels: 8.45 homicides per 100 thousand residents per year. This is comparable to São Paulo in Brazil.

The Most Violent Areas in Brussels

1) Molenbeek

Molenbeek is a commune in the city of Brussels. It is known for being a predominantly Muslim area, with many residents of North African descent. The area was originally a small village outside of Brussels that was eventually incorporated into the city. Molenbeek has become a hotbed for Islamic terrorism and radicalization in recent years.

2) Anderlecht

Anderlecht is known for its high crime rate and poverty. The neighborhood is mostly inhabited by foreign nationals from Africa and Asia, which makes it difficult for police to make arrests because many of those involved in criminal activity are undocumented immigrants.

In recent years, Belgian authorities have tried to improve conditions in Anderlecht by building new housing units and increasing police presence in the area. However, these efforts have yet to see significant results as many residents still feel unsafe living there.

3) Schaerbeek

Schaerbeek is a district in Brussels with a population of 100,000 people. It has been called “the jihadi capital of Europe” and “Europe’s most dangerous place.” It has been associated with numerous terrorist plots, including the deadly attacks on Brussels Airport and Maalbeek metro station in March 2016.

The Most Violent City in Finland

Finland is another remarkably safe whose most violent city could figure among the safest cities in the US.

The most violent city in Finland when we consider the homicide rate is Lahti, the capital of a region known as Päijänne Tavastia, a bit more than 100 kilometers distant from Helsinki.

Why it is considered the most dangerous city in Finland? Because Lahti had 80 homicides…

…in the last 20 years.

Marseille: The First Among the Most Dangerous Cities in France

The city’s high crime rate is due to several factors: an estimated 20 percent unemployment rate; a large immigrant population; and its proximity to North Africa, where drug trafficking routes originate.

Marseille’s proximity to North Africa makes it an attractive location for drug traffickers from Algeria and Morocco who smuggle narcotics into Europe through the port. The city also has a high number of young men between the ages of 15 and 24 who are unemployed or underemployed. This demographic is known for violent crime in many cities throughout Europe.

Worst indicator of the city: the Crime Index Score, with a score of 61.65.

Frankfurt: The 1st Among the Most Dangerous Cities in Germany

Just like Finland, the most dangerous city in Germany would figure among the safest in many countries outside Europe.

Still, Frankfurt, the German financial capital, is relatively dangerous when compared to other cities in Germany.

Worst indicator of the city: General crime. Frankfurt registered 16,378 crimes per 100,000 inhabitants in 2006, making it Germany’s most dangerous city

Why Is Frankfurt Dangerous? (At Least Relatively)

The first thing about Frankfurt that makes it dangerous is its location. It is located near three countries: France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. This makes it easy for international criminals to cross over from these countries into Germany and commit crimes there.

Second, there are many impoverished immigrants in Frankfurt. Many of them believed in welfare promises or fake international job agencies offering highly-paid jobs. Some of them, after facing the reality, resort to committing crimes.

Third, there are also many young people who live in Frankfurt who have no job or are sub-employed. Since the city has a high cost of living, they resort to crime to pay for their necessities.

The Most Dangerous City in Greece

Again, no surprise: the most dangerous city in Greece is Athens.

Personal anecdote: I spent 3 days in Athens with my parents. In this short period, thieves stole both me and my father (on different days). Here you can read more about my experience of (un)safety in Athens.

Worst indicator of the city: Property Crimes.

Areas to Avoid in Athens

There are many areas to avoid in Athens, Greece. Here are three of them.

Omonia — Omonia is a busy area and there’s always something going on. This is also the place where my car door was broken by thieves and they stole everything inside.

Many homeless people in this area may not be able to tell you where they are from or speak English well. They may ask you for money or food so be careful when interacting with them as they may try to rob you or hurt you if they feel threatened by you in any way.

Monastiraki Square — Located just outside of Plaka, an old town near Syntagma Square which is where parliament meets. This area contains many hotels, restaurants, shops, and other businesses but it can also be quite crowded with tourists and locals alike so it can be easy for someone to steal from you without being noticed by anyone else nearby due to all of the noise coming from different directions at once. This is exactly how my father had his cellphone pickpocketed.

Gazi — Gazi is an industrial area of Athens that has grown into a popular residential neighborhood over time. It’s known for its nightlife scene but also has some problems with crime including theft, drugs, and prostitution.

The Unknown Champion Among the Most Dangerous Cities in Ireland

Many people believe that the most dangerous city in Ireland is Dublin. But the Irish capital has a close 2nd place (in fact, Dublin is a relatively safe city considering its size), losing to Waterford, the country’s oldest city.

Worst indicator of the city: Assaults and weapon crimes.

What Is the Most Dangerous City in Italy?

Catania.

It is a close dispute between Naples and Catania about which one is the most dangerous city in Italy, with the Sicilian city having a slightly higher perceived crime than Napoli. There are also complex issues with organized crime (also known as mafia) that, for decades, haunted the region.

Worst indicator of the city: Crime Index Score (60.36).

Budget Travelers Digital Nomad and Expats Book — Book recommended: Budget Travelers, Digital Nomads & Expats: The Ultimate Guide: 50 Tips, Tricks, Hacks and Ways to Free Stuff & Cheaper Flights

Among the Most Dangerous City in the Netherlands, The Capital

One of the most visited capitals in Europe, Amsterdam is also the most dangerous city in the Netherlands, just above Eindhoven and Rotterdam.

Worst indicator of the city: Robberies, with 226 in a single year.

What should I avoid in Amsterdam?

Red Light District

The red light district is home to many prostitutes and drug dealers. It is also one of the most popular tourist areas in Amsterdam. However, it is not safe to wander around alone at night or during the early hours of the morning. Many tourists have been robbed there.

Sint Annekerkplein

This square is located behind Central Station (Centraal Station) and is a popular hangout spot for drug addicts and homeless people. Crime rates are high here so you should avoid this area at all costs unless you are going there with a group of people or if you want to take pictures of the famous Amsterdam windmills nearby.

Jordaan area

This neighborhood is known for its narrow streets and canal houses but it has become rather unsafe over the years due to drug trafficking and prostitution activities taking place there. There have been several reports of violent crimes being committed in this neighborhood so it would be wise to keep your distance from it if possible

Siemianowice Śląskie: The Most Dangerous City in Poland

If there is one city on this list that you never heard about (or can even pronounce its name), I bet it is this one.

This industrial city is part of the metropolitan area of Katowice, the largest conurbation in the Silesian region. Silesia was once prosperous due to mining activities, but due to pressure from the European Union, multiple mine-related industries closed and the municipality faced considerable social issues.

Worst indicator of the city: Violent Crimes, with 36 per 1000 residents.

Albufeira: The Least Safe Town in Portugal

Here is another example of a very safe country where the most violent town is really not that unsafe.

Portugal is such a peaceful country that its capital, Lisbon, is among the safest in Europe.

Albufeira is a Portuguese city in the Faro District, a district and sub-region of the Algarve, with a population of roughly 40,000 people. It is the capital of a municipality with a total area of 140.66 km2 and a population of 40,828 people.

Worst indicator of the city: Crime Rate, with 8.35 cases per 1000 residents per year.

Romanians Put Craiova in the Top of the Most Dangerous Cities in Romania

Craiova is a city in the middle of Romania. It has a population of almost 300,000 people and it is the capital of Dolj County. Some parts of the city are beautiful and have many attractions for tourists. But Craiova also has a dark side.

The city is known as one of the most dangerous cities in Romania, if not the most dangerous (competing with the capital, Bucharest). The crime rate is way above the national average.

The reasons why Craiova is dangerous are:

-The high unemployment rate means that many people don’t have money to spend on things like food and clothes, so they turn to crime;

-The high poverty rate means that some people have no choice but to steal or beg on the street to survive;

-Ethnic tensions.

-There are gangs in Craiova who control parts of the city where they sell drugs or rob houses (these gangs often recruit new members from schools).

Worst indicator of the city: Crime Index Score (56.2).

The 2 Most Dangerous Cities in Spain

Here, exceptionally, instead of one city we list two since they are basically merged into a single metropolis. The most dangerous cities in Spain are El Prat de Llobregat and Barcelona (the capital, Madrid, despite its 3 million inhabitants, is safer than these two cities).

(If you ever took a flight to Barcelona’s main airport, one of the most affordable to land in Europe, you actually landed in the city of El Prat).

To walk in the touristy core of Barcelona while not paying attention to your surroundings is among the most stupid things you can do in Europe.

Worst indicator of the cities: Crime Rate, with 86 (El Prat de Llobregat) and 71 (Barcelona) cases per 1000 residents per year.

Grenades and Gangs in Malmo: The Most Dangerous City in Sweden

Malmo, Sweden’s third-largest city, has become one of Europe’s most dangerous cities in the last years and has been compared to Chicago in the issue of street violence.

Malmo had 65 shootings in a single year. Now, considering that Malmo only has close to 345 thousand people, you can see how harsh this Swedish city has become.

Worst indicator of the city: Crime Index Score (56.75)

Image of Malmo, Sweden, a city that frequently figures among the most dangerous in Europe — Malmo, Sweden, frequently figures among the most dangerous cities in Europe

Most Violent Cities in Europe by Country: Conclusion

Country	Most Dangerous Place	Worst-performing violence indicator
Austria	Favoriten	Burglaries
Belgium	Brussels	Murder rate
UK	Glasgow	Crime Rate
England	Bradford	Violent Crime Rate
Finland	Lahti	Homicides
France	Marseille	Crime Index Score
Germany	Frankfurt	Crime Rate
Greece	Athens	Property Crimes
Ireland	Waterford	Assaults and weapon crimes
Italy	Naples	Crime Index Score
Netherlands	Amsterdam	Robberies
Poland	Siemianowice Śląskie	Violent Crimes
Portugal	Albufeira	Crime Rate
Romania	Craiova	Crime Index Score
Spain	El Prat de Llobregat	Violent Crimes
Sweden	Malmo	Crime Index Score

Table with the most violent cities in Europe by country.

How to make your stay in the most violent cities in Europe a bit safer?

If you are just visiting, there are plenty of options in terms of luggage storage, so you don’t need to walk around with your carry-on bags. Reliable, convenient, and inexpensive luggage storage services (everywhere in the world!) can be found at Radical Storage.
If you want to walk around and see some beautiful spots without the risk of getting lost (or worse), hire a guide. You can find some amazing and reliable guides and tours at Viator. They will give you insider information about historical facts and curiosities, and also warn you of risky areas and keep you safe.
Areas surrounding airports and train stations can be dangerous. Book a transfer in advance from the airport/station to your destination and vice versa, so you can avoid scammers and criminals. I often used Get Transfer for that and it always worked fine.
Stay in a good hostel. Hostels are usually in the safest parts of cities (at least in Europe and South America), unlike hotels. Most hostels have private rooms that are as comfortable as a hotel, plus a friendly staff to give information. When looking for hostels, I visit Hostelworld and filter for those above grade 7.

If you enjoyed this article about the most violent cities in Europe by country, check also:

Argentina — Once a Paradise for War Criminals, Now a Great Place to Retire

The Best Cities to Retire in Europe

Best Place to Visit in Europe on Each Month of the Year

Subscribe (for free) to receive my articles directly in your inbox and receive a special gift. If you enjoy this article about the most violent cities in Europe, please consider becoming a Medium member by using this link and have access to premium, unbiased content from authors not tied to big media.

Levi Borba is the founder of expatriateconsultancy.com, creator of the channel The Expat, and best-selling author.

Cultural Shock

Visiting Qatar as a Woman for the 2022 World…

Dress code in Qatar and everything else you need to know for the 2022 World Cup.

It may appear strange that a man is writing an article about visiting Qatar as a woman. However, I lived in Qatar for many years, and during that time, my wife, as well as other female family members and friends, visited me numerous times. This article is based on their observations.

The goal is to dispel some of the misconceptions that foreigners (particularly Westerners) have about tourism in this Middle Eastern country, particularly in relation to the 2022 World Cup hosted in Qatar.

Some of what I’m about to tell you may seem shocking at first, but for anyone who has lived there, they are as normal as it gets.

Dress code in Qatar

Qatar is an Islamic country, and the Qataris dress in a highly traditional manner.

For foreigners, although there is no formal dress code, it is advised to dress modestly and conservatively. This means no shorts for males and no miniskirts or tank tops for ladies.

Normal swimmers, including bikinis, are fine on the beach or by the pool (until some years ago, bikinis were allowed only on Public beaches and still they may draw attention). It is prohibited for women to sunbathe topless.

When visiting public locations like parks, malls, or souq areas, especially those frequented by people of various nationalities, it is essential to be especially mindful of the dress code.

Qatari ladies often cover their hair with a black headdress called shayla and their bodies with a black garment called abaya. Some women also cover their faces by using a niqab.

If I am visiting Qatar as a woman, Do I have to wear an abaya in Qatar?

Girl using Abaya. The Abaya is the basic dress code for women from Qatar, but foreigners don't need to wear it. — The Abaya is the basic dress code for women from Qatar, but foreigners don’t need to wear it.

No, tourists are not required to dress in the way of the Qataris.

Shorts, skirts above the knee and sleeveless/short sleeves are not permitted when visiting mosques or government facilities. When visiting mosques, you will also need to cover your hair. In any public place, women should avoid wearing spaghetti-strap or see-through shirts and short skirts.

Regarding the temperature, spectators of the 2022 Fifa World Cup need not fear since the weather and temperatures are mild in November and December, owing to the cool desert air.

Typical daytime temperatures are approximately 24 degrees Celsius, while nighttime temperatures are around 18 degrees Celsius. It’s wise to bring light coats and cardigans, and it won’t hurt to keep a hat and pair of gloves on hand when you’re out and about in Qatar during these times.

There are lots of shopping malls in Qatar where you may buy just about whatever you need, especially clothes to wear for the duration of your visit.

Can you hold hands in Qatar?

Male and female holding hands is tolerated. Lots of couples hold hands everywhere. Banks, hospitals, restaurants, malls, and other public places. Most of them are married couples, but nobody really checks that.

It is also common to see men holding hands in Qatar, especially Indian immigrants, but that does not have any sexual connotation.

So, bottom line: a couple can hold hands in Doha.

Can women drive in Qatar?

Yes. People used to ask this question due to confusion with neighboring Saudi Arabia, where until recently, women were not allowed to drive. If you are looking to rent a car in Qatar, I recommend this website.

Can you drink alcohol in Qatar?

True, but not everywhere and not for everyone. Alcohol is mostly available in bars, hotels, and restaurants. It is not available in regular supermarkets or grocery stores. Furthermore, not everyone is permitted to consume alcohol (although tourists probably will have no issues). I detailed this matter in this article about the booze question during the 2022 World Cup.

Is Doha similar to Dubai?

From the outside, Doha may appear to be a smaller, less boisterous, and less tourist-centered version of Dubai. Here I listed some nice things to do in Qatar.

However, from the perspective of an insider or a resident, as I was, they are considerably different. Dubai is less restrictive in many ways and offers more entertainment options. In fact, it was common for western foreigners living in Doha to visit Dubai for additional entertainment options.

Other tips for women visiting Qatar

1st — If you are visiting the city for just a day, there are plenty of options in terms of luggage storage, so you don’t need to walk around with your carry-on bags. Reliable, convenient, and inexpensive luggage storage services you can find at Radical Storage.

2nd — Book a transfer in advance from the Ezeiza or Aeroparque airport (or from any station) to your destination and vice versa, so you can avoid scammers and illegal drivers. I often used Get Transfer for that and it always worked fine.

3rd — If you want to walk around and see some beautiful spots without the risk of getting lost, hire a guide. You can find some amazing and reliable guides and tours at Viator. They will give you insider information about historical facts and curiosities, and also warn you of risky areas and keep you safe.

Is Doha safe for females? Conclusion about visiting Qatar as a woman.

Women in Qatar. Rules for women in Qatar are not as strict as in Saudi Arabia, but not as loose as in the United Arab Emirates — Rules for women in Qatar are not as strict as in Saudi Arabia, but not as loose as in the United Arab Emirates

Yes, Doha is safe for female tourists. In fact, Qatar is among the safest countries in the World, unless you consider road accidents, which are common there.

Women visiting Qatar should have no problem during the 2022 World Cup if they follow the same guidelines that common sense dictates everywhere else in the world, plus some extra consideration for the local culture, such as not getting drunk in the middle of a public park or beach, or not wearing transparent tops.

While I was living there, my wife came to see me several times, and the only thing that ever happened was that when we went to a museum, at the entrance they offered her an extra blanket to cover her shoulders.

During other months (eg: Ramadan), the rules in Qatar are much stricter. You cannot eat or drink water in public during the day, for example. Once I forgot that already was Ramadan and I got warned about drinking water outside. The dress code is also much more rigid.

But the World Cup will not happen during Ramadan, therefore, tourists can expect a certain level of tolerance from the local authorities.

Have a good travel, and enjoy the Fifa World Cup 🙂

Ps: In this article, I only wrote about the rules. It does not mean that I agree or disagree with any of them.

If you enjoyed reading about visiting Qatar as a woman, check also:

The Top 5 Countries for Coffee Lovers

4 Ways to Save Money on International Flights

4 More Insider Tips for Finding Incredibly Low-Cost Flights

First, subscribe (for free) to receive my articles directly in your inbox and receive as a special gift the digital book 20 Essential Hacks for Saving Money While Travelling.

Second, if you liked this article, please consider supporting me and other writers by becoming a Medium member. By using this link, you will directly support me with a piece of your fee; there will be no additional cost to you. Thank you a million times if you do!

Levi Borba is the founder of Expatriate Consultancy, creator of the channel The Expat, and best-selling author.

Cultural Shock

Moving Away from Home

The Best Lessons I Learned about Moving Away from Home (After Doing It 14 Times).

Moving away from home is not an unknown subject to us. My generation moved from one place to another more than any other in history.

While our parents and grandparents (the Baby Boomers and Generation Xers) stayed in the same area for an average of 4 to 6 years, Millenials move every two years.

For many of us, moving away from home is an exciting time in our lives.

It gives you the chance to start over. However, it can also be one of the most stressful times in your life depending on where you are moving to, who you are moving with and why you are moving in the first place.

I compiled this article with some of the best tips and insights I learned after fifteen years away from my hometown and 14 moves across three continents. Things like:

Why is moving away from home so hard?
Pros and cons of moving out of your parents’ house
Can I afford to move out of my parents’ house?
How to handle the anxiety about moving away from home?
How to cope with moving away from family and friends?
Other recommended reading for anyone planning to move far away and start a new life.
The steps I will recommend, from the decision until the ride to the airport.

As with everything in life, context is important, and that is where we begin.

Wanting to Move Away and Start Over

I want to move out of my parents’ house!

Many of us will say this phrase at some point between our adolescence and our early thirties. Some people carefully plan this moment, while others do it on the spur of the moment when an opportunity appears on the horizon.

But when we take the time to breathe and analyze carefully whether it makes sense, there are a lot of things at stake.

We frequently overlook or ignore factors that are extremely important later in life.

In this article, I will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of moving out of your parents’ home. This is a decision I made when I was 18 years old, and I have seen many friends and relatives do the same since then.

Many were satisfied with the results, but some had regrets.

Why is moving away from home so hard?

First off, you should feel proud of yourself for even considering this challenge.

Not many people dare to step out of their comfort zone and test themselves in new situations. It’s normal to have these thoughts — don’t worry!

One of the main drawbacks is that you will miss your family, friends, and loved ones. You will miss family gatherings and having dinner with your parents. Maybe you are too young and you don’t want to be far away from them or maybe they simply don’t want to let you go.

Another drawback is that you may not know how to take care of yourself in some aspects and it may be difficult for you at first. For example, if your family has always cooked for you and has helped you with everything in the house, it may be difficult for you to prepare something other than fried eggs.

Also, many times living on your own can be more expensive than living with your parents because you have to pay rent, food, bills…

If all of these reasons are making you think twice about moving out, I have a word for you:

You are right.

Think twice. Even thrice. But don’t let the difficulties stop you. Use them as a guide to self-improvement and getting completely ready to move out, not as an excuse to cancel your plans. I will help you in the next paragraphs and with many useful links.

Remember that moving away can be very rewarding.

You will develop skills that no one taught you before and become more independent and autonomous. You will make new friends and open doors for massive opportunities.

All that starts with a plan, and like in every plan, we need to assess the pros and cons.

Pros and Cons of Moving Out of Parents’ House

Boxes Prepared for Moving Out of Parents' House - Discover Below 10 Pros and Cons of — Discover Below 10 Pros and Cons of Moving Out of Parents’ House

Benefits of moving away from home:

You get to learn how to fend for yourself and manage your money (both income and expenses).
You will learn (or should learn unless you want to live in a squat) how to cook, clean, and take care of your living space. Maybe you will learn how to fix a leaking sink — it’s not that difficult.
There will be silence and privacy (maybe not if you are a student sharing a dormitory).
You will have space for yourself and your friends to hang out.
You’ll be able to set your own schedule, so you won’t have to compete with your brother over who gets to use the shower first.

Cons of moving away from home:

You have to pay for everything, including rent, food, utilities, insurance, and so on. Your paycheck may not be as large as you think it is once you look at all the bills that need to be paid. According to Forbes, in 2021 the cost of moving out increased 15%.
You must deal with any repairs that may emerge. If something breaks, such as the stove or washing machine, you must pay for its repair or replacement unless it is covered by insurance or a warranty agreement.
If you are moving to a distant place, you will miss your old town, your friends and your family. A lot.
If you are going to live in an unfamiliar place, there will be a learning curve until you adapt to the local way of life. You will eat at bad restaurants, take the wrong buses, and so on during this time. It is an inconvenient period, may cost you extra money, and can take weeks or even months.
You will need to adjust to a new climate, and I mean literally new climatic conditions. For example, olive-skinned Latin Americans like myself may require special supplements during the winter in Europe. Here I explain how Vitamin D helped me to survive the European winter.

Can I afford to move out of my parent’s house?

Even if you’re not sure where you’ll be living, estimating the basic costs of living on your own will help you determine if you can afford it or not. The main expenses you should evaluate are rent, food, utilities, transportation, and furniture.

In any list of pros and cons of moving out of parent’s house, financial planning of the whole process should take priority place! Especially if you are moving away by yourself.

Rent cost

This is your biggest monthly expense, and it depends on where you live and how much space you need. A small studio apartment in the city is more expensive than a large two-bedroom house in the countryside. However, you must ensure that wherever you live, the rent is within your means. Move into an apartment with a roommate or two if possible to reduce your monthly expenses.

Food expenses

Food is probably the second-largest expense after rent, so consider your budget carefully — especially if you’ve been living at home and eating most of your meals there. Americans spend an average of $550 each month on food, according to the most recent data. Eating out frequently can add up quickly, so plan accordingly.

Utility bills

You need utilities like electricity, water, heating (to discover how to save money on heating, check here), and internet to live comfortably, and there’s no getting around paying for these items every month. In some cases, they are included in your rent payment; if that’s not the case, ask if there are any utilities that are included (such as water). This will help reduce your monthly spending.

Depending on where you move, prices may require a habit change. For example, a shower will cost in Poland 6 times more than in Brazil.

Transportation costs

Transport costs can add up quickly — especially in big cities like London where the Tube or buses can be costly. While it’s not necessary to have a car in every city it’s often essential in smaller places. Here I wrote about the considerations to have in mind before buying a car.

Furniture and other expenses.

When you live at home, your parents are responsible for furnishing the place and purchasing new appliances when necessary. When you move out, those costs come out of your pocket — and they can be significant if you don’t shop around for the best deals.

In another article, I compared the cost of living for a single person in 6 different European capitals. The results are surprising.

Anxiety about moving away from home

Anxiety about moving away from home is normal. Whether you’re moving to a new city, state, or country — or just to a new apartment across town — it’s completely natural to feel nervous and excited at the same time.

Moving Far Away from Home: Ways to Ease the Process.

Connect with others.

If you move in with a roommate or group of roommates, try to strike up friendships with them. If you’re living by yourself, seek out social groups in your area that interest you, such as meetups for your favorite hobby or book club gatherings.

Establish a routine

Maintain structure and routine. Have a regular schedule for sleep, meals, and study. This can help to mitigate feelings of stress, anxiety, and overwhelm.

Talk to the grocery store cashier.

Take some time to explore your new city and make a point of trying something new each week — a new restaurant or coffee shop, for example — but don’t be afraid to set boundaries that make you comfortable. Asking about the new place to the grocery store cashier or other people you meet at random can speed up your adaptation.

Try to understand the cultural differences of your new place.

I am a big fan of the 6-dimension model created by Dr. Geert Hofstede breaking down the cultural differences into 6 major areas. His team analyzed multiple countries in the world to better understand cultural differences. So far, their conclusions match almost perfectly my own experience living in Asia, Latin America, and Europe.

Don’t be afraid to get embarrassed.

The joy of embracing (and occasionally failing) a new idiom and discovering a new place in the world is priceless. When I first moved to Poland, I faced three comical situations that taught me that being embarrassed isn’t all that bad.

How to cope with moving away from family and friends

Guy sitting in a bench, apparently sad: moving away from friends and family has a mental impact that should not be neglected. — Moving away from friends and family has a mental impact that should not be neglected.

In order to cope with leaving your family and friends, you must remember that you are doing this for a reason. It may be for your education or your career, but you must have a goal and stick to it. Keep that in mind when you are dealing with loneliness or homesickness abroad.

Why are you moving away?

There are different types of expatriates, something that is also valid for anyone that is moving out within a country. Understanding which type you are will help you to understand what you need and what you should avoid.

How to Prepare for a Mov Ahead of Time

You can start preparing yourself for moving away well before the day arrives. For example, staying in close contact with your loved ones through social media or by visiting before moving may make it easier for you to adjust once you have left. Start planning visits to see your family and friends as soon as possible so that you know you will be able to see them again later on.

Keep In Touch

Regular communication with loved ones is one of the best ways to cope with separation. If possible, try talking to your family and friends in person at least once each month by scheduling a visit or inviting them over for a weekend stay.

This will also avoid you to feel guilty later if the worse happens. This is a lesson I learned the hard way.

Take advantage of technology — but don’t get enslaved or restricted by it.

You might not be able to see your family and friends as often as you’d like, but there are many ways to stay in touch using modern communication devices such as smartphones and computers. Video chat applications such as Skype, FaceTime, or Google Hangouts are great for keeping in touch visually and can make you feel like you’re together even when you’re far apart.

Whenever possible, use apps that allow you to communicate visually or audibly, as written messages lack depth and dimension. Besides, excessive text messaging is making us dumber.

Moving away from home — Additional reading

I made a lot of mistakes when I left my country nine years ago to become an expatriate. Errors that could have been avoided if I had only known a few things.

Instead of giving up, I learned by experience during my relocations to the Middle East, Asia, and Europe, which forged a better version of myself.

This guide’s tips and methods assisted me in getting promoted, increasing my earnings, finding my wife, and starting my own business.

These rules are universal; they worked for me in South America, the Middle East, Asia, and Europe, and they will work for you as well.

I wrote a guide with the best countries to start a new life abroad with no money. There you will discover what you need to begin a new life in places like Chile, Qatar, or Poland (I lived in all of them), among many others.
Here is a list of 9 books to read before moving abroad, with useful tips and ideas to improve your daily life far from home.
Sometimes it takes time for someone to find work in a new city, therefore in this article, I give you an idea about how to make money after moving out to a new place.
Here is what you should do if you moved out and war erupted somewhere nearby.

Conclusion: How to Move Away from Home

I moved away from my parents’ home when I was 19. Since then, I moved another 14 times — meaning, almost one time per year. Sometimes, it was because I wanted, others, because I needed due to do my career and later my businesses.

10 Steps to move out

Decide where you want to live
Contact locals via social media or other means to learn about prices, lifestyle, and potential issues.
Save enough money to pay your bills for the first month (at least).
Get a job (or a paid internship if you are a student and have time for it). Every time I moved, I used Linkedin to find a new job.
Know how much you can afford to spend
Prepare a backup plan in case things don’t go as planned (Eg: expenses X percent higher than what you expect). Here I explained how to make a plan B when moving out.
Plan your move and hire a moving company if necessary. Prepare your documents and sign the rental contract early.
Use the signed rental contract to set up internet, water, and other utilities.
Schedule a medical checkup, and a blood exam. In your new place, doctors may not have access to your medical history. This is one of the untold but crucial life-saving tips for moving out.
Pack your belongings.

First, subscribe (for free) to receive my articles directly in your inbox and receive as a special gift the digital book 20 Essential Hacks for Saving Money While Travelling.

Levi Borba is the founder of the Expatriate Consultancy, creator of the channel The Expat, and best-selling author.

Cultural Shock

Two Fine Benefits of Living Abroad (Hint: They Will…

Discover how to start a life abroad while buying tomatoes.

I don’t like to waste the time of my readers, therefore here are two of the finest benefits of living abroad, things that I learned during almost a decade as an expat:

Two untold but splendid perks of expatriate life are:

1 — To meet friendly grocery shop cashiers or old ladies in the doctor’s waiting room.

2 — To harness the incredible power of getting embarrassed.

Now that you know the short answer, you can either go back to your episode of The Voice, or understand how it works in the next paragraphs (and thank me later).

How to start a life abroad while buying grocery

Picture your first week in a new country.

You’re still not in your permanent house, but in accommodation, until you determine which part of town is best for you.

So you set up a meeting with a local realtor to examine what reasonable and comfy options are available.

On your way to the meeting, you buy a sandwich and a coffee to go. With a hesitant grin, the young cashier urges you to be patient while she learns her new profession.

You enter the metro and seat beside an empathetic 60-year-old lady. She asks the time. You respond to her and grab your phone to see whether someone from the foreigners’ group on Facebook replied to your inquiry about where a young man like you should reside.

When you get to your final stop, you notice the old lady has left.

You walk a couple more miles and arrive at the realtor’s office fifteen minutes early. You sit at the reception on the left of a man with his child. You smile and pick your phone to finish reading the responses to your question in the Facebook group.

When it is time for the meeting, the real estate agent brings you into his office to show you all the “incredible” possibilities you must see.

That’s when you understand it’s an expat scam. There are a lot of them. There’s nothing better than an immigrant desperate to find a home, a car, or insurance. For a skilled salesman, it’s easy money, so he’s more likely to show you deals that pay the highest commission for him.

Sadly, the worst solutions often pay the highest commissions. The cheerful and educated salesman has an added incentive to sell whatever crap he has to some naïve foreigner.

Not all professions with titles like advisor, agent, consultant, expert, etc. are swindlers, but there is a good chance.

So who should you trust if not them?

Some might seek answers about their new country in their company’s human resources department or university student section. Someone will occasionally aid, but they will often be too busy with their own chores to assist you. To help you is not their primary role.

Some will seek assistance from other foreigners, which can be problematic because many of them are still recent in their new country and may not know all issues.

So who’s left? Who else should you hear?

The answer belongs to our unsung heroes: the common folk!

The shy young clerk at the grocery shop. The old lady who sought to chat with you about the weather. The father whose child wanted to play with you in the waiting room.

What were you doing when those possibilities to discover more about your new home arose? You took out your phone to seek advice from strangers who may know less than you!

In every big city, you may ask questions to anybody you meet. Be it at the checkout or a non-touristy metro station. Take risks. Worry not about the language. You will have some excellent stories to tell.

It’s only through talking to locals that you learn about genuine problems and how to deal with them.

You will learn to adapt to the environment, avoid common pitfalls, and master the necessary street savvy. If you pay attention, you may even pick up on the emotional subtleties forming your new home’s culture.

Pay attention to your surroundings instead of your phone’s dark screen, even if you are reading this article on it. Screen time is hurting our social abilities. Don’t miss an opportunity to chat. Rather than relying on Facebook updates, go on an adventure.

You may get invited to parties or discover a new gastronomic treat. Kimchee became one of my favorite meals after a chance encounter.

Just ask the metro woman if it will rain today (and ask which transport is quicker if a storm happens). Ask the parent with the child about upcoming sports events. Ask the grocery shop girl about her new neighborhood and leave a coin in her tip bucket.

What are you waiting for?

Yes, sometimes you may get embarrassed. Some people may think that you are flirting with them. But here lies the second finest among the benefits of living abroad. The most difficult to explain (but I will try).

Check also: 5 Tips for Moving to Europe

The most indescribable among the benefits of living abroad

I started studying Polish a year before I arrived in Poland, intending to run a backpacker hotel.

After a year of adjusting to life as a foreigner in Poland, I could have a rudimentary conversation on my own.

I learned Polish conversationally using the approach described in this article. Buying a cereal bar in a convenience store was difficult at first.

And that was great. It is a chance for personal growth — and laughs. Here are 4 situations that I used to make my point.

Check also: How to Successfully Move Abroad: solve your doubts here and reduce the anxiety about leaving home

That day I was a Golden Retriever.

I was returning home after an afternoon in Lodz, Poland’s third-largest city.

There was a gas station nearby with a well-stocked convenience shop where I could get some food after a long day of volunteer work.

As a poor college student, my grocery basket had only sausages and juice, but I craved a cereal bar.

I discovered it in a blue, little rectangular container with a wheat image. It looked like a cereal bar, so I grabbed it and put it in my basket with the rest.

The cashier’s queue was short. When Smartphones were not in every pocket, I opted to read the cereal bar’s ingredients. While bringing it closer to my eyes to view the little characters, I noticed a strange fragrance.

The cashier was young, and young Poles can speak English — Poland has one of Europe’s best educational systems. So I asked him what flavor it was.

He didn’t know, since it was dog food.

I had time to return it to the shelf, even though I was so hungry I could eat the whole snack without a bark.

The day I accidentally informed three girls that I was mentally challenged

Warsaw has a street called Ulica Nowy Swiat, which means New World Street. Like other European cities, it has well-preserved, historical sections with fancy boutiques and ice-cream stands.

A strip club is in one of the street alleyways. Since most pedestrians avoid busy areas of the street, the club sends a few girls to approach single males and invites them out for a drink with pretty ladies.

On a chilly winter afternoon, I rushed through this area, late for an appointment. Suddenly, a brunette asked if I wanted to go to the adjacent pub (which is, in reality, the strip club). They usually have an umbrella. This looks like a call sign.

Since I was already late and had no time to invent other justifications to not visit the bar, I just wanted to say that I was already late.

My idea was to say Sorry (Przepraszam), but (ale) I am (jestem) late (opóźniony).

What I truly said?

Sorry, but I’m mentally impaired. All because of a typo (late is actually “spóniony”).

The girl laughed and let me go. A few months later, I used the identical term (opózniony) wrongly. When my wife corrected me, I remembered the umbrella-girl’s laughter.

The good part? Umbrella-girls are persistent in bringing customers to the “bar”, however, once I mistakenly announced my condition, she didn’t try again.

The day I just wanted to ask a father about his son’s age.

Here, every adult who comes to a hotel check-in with a child must be a parent or have written consent from the child’s guardians. Years ago, I was working at the reception when a father and his son arrived. I’d say he was 15 or 16, but he could be older.

I wanted to ask if his son was a minor (in Polish, niepelnoletni). So I questioned the father whether his son was “niepelnosprawni”.

Suddenly, the man’s face went sour. Something was wrong. It seemed like those seconds that are amplified by a factor of ten.

Lucky for me, the man recognized my foreignness and inquired, “Do you mean niepelnoletni?”

I responded sure and apologized for any errors, while the father checked his son’s age and IDs.

Later, I checked my words. The word I wrongly used (niepelnosprawni) meant disabled.

The doctor and my little leg

Food is one the best ways to learn body parts in a foreign language (this is not valid, however, if you are a vegetarian).

That’s how I learnt Polish terms for breast/chest, knees, and neck (by learning how to cook pork knee and neck). By asking for chicken thighs, or “udko kurczaka in Poland, I learned how to speak thigh (udko).

So, I woke once to go to the bathroom, but I felt a terrible pain in my left thigh and almost fell on the floor. My wife advised me to go back to sleep. The p ain persisted even after hours of sleep, so I visited an orthopedist.

He inquired what was wrong.

“Boli moje udko”, I said, meaning “m y thigh hurts”.

“Udo?”, said the doctor.

I thought I misheard something. Maybe he simply said udko softly. So I repeated yes, “udko”.

The orthopedist was puzzled. I couldn’t understand it. This is a simple sentence and I thought I said it correctly.

I was really not.

I later learned that udko is the diminutive for Udo. In another word, udko means “tiny leg”.

It’s hardly surprising that a 97 kg, 1.83 m tall former high school handball fullback says his small little leg hurts.

But you know what?

One thing I realized: being embarrassed while attempting to learn Polish in public let me forget my fear of trying new things, of being exposed to the unknown, to ridicule, to be deemed odd.

The benefits of living abroad, the joy of adopting (and occasionally failing) a new idiom, and discovering a new place in the actual world are priceless.

Get out there, since a universe awaits.

And I’m sure you’ll have some hilarious, amazing moments.

If you enjoyed this piece about the benefits of living abroad, here are some other articles for you:

8 Great Cities for Content Creators Where You Can Save Money and Enjoy Life

If You Are Single, This Is the Cost to Live In These 6 European Capitals

The European Capital Where You Can Live With Less than $400 Monthly

Moving Out, Working Abroad and Keeping Your Sanity: 11 secrets to make your expat & digital nomad life better than you imagine

If you wish to become a Medium member and have access to articles like this, check this link. It is only $5 per month.

Levi Borba is the CEO of expatriateconsultancy.com, creator of the channel Small Business Hacks, and best-selling author. Subscribe to my articles (for free) and receive (also for free) the ebook “The Blueprint for First-Time Business Owners”.

Cultural Shock

What You Can Learn With the 8 Most Stressful…

Most Stressful Cities in The World

Listen to “The 8 Most Stressful Cities in The World – What They Can Teach Us” on Spreaker.

2011. I am a trainee at a global energy trader leaving the office at 18:30. Just an ordinary day in ordinary life in one of the most stressful cities in the world. At least that is what I thought.

I walk to the parking lot, where my Chevrolet Corsa waits for me. The air is damp, and a water droplet touches my nose. Another hits my eyebrow, and a third one lands just above my lip.

It is raining. A refreshing, mild drizzle in a subtropical city, cleaning the air, washing the streets. The smell of wet grass excites my nose. What an enjoyable feeling.

But I remember that this is São Paulo. Almost 22 million people live here, cramped in less than 8000 square km. It is almost the entire population of Australia, in an area smaller than Puerto Rico.

In São Paulo, these delicate, soothing droplets are a prelude to chaos.

The Metropolitan problem

São Paulo is no different from hundreds of other mega-cities. They are stressful, densely populated, polluted, and often violent. A small disturbance like rainfall can unleash havoc and make you waste hours in traffic.

Why people are still attracted to them? The usual answer is better salaries. But even the clearest benefit has a dark face: the higher salaries also result in higher living costs, forcing common people to live in cubicles if they want to build their savings and escape from the Metropolis.

Days ago, I found a surprising ranking about urban stress. São Paulo and other cities I lived in (Doha, Warsaw, Santiago) were all similar in terms of how stressful they are. And none of them are among the most or the least stressful cities in the world, but somewhere in the middle.

This made me curious to understand more about the most stressful cities in the world, and in this article, I will present to you what I found. But first, the ranking method.

The VAAY Ranking to Define the Most Stressful Cities in The World

To build the ranking, VAAY used a method considering indicators as:

Governance — Safety, Security, Stability, etc.
Demographic and Geographic factors — People/km2, Traffic, Weather, Air/Noise/Light Pollution.
Finance — Unemployment Rate, Living costs vs Wages, Social Security, etc.
Public Health Services.

VAAY calculated it by scoring and averaging each indicator in the following way, as explained by them:

z-Score = x — mean(X)Standard deviation(X)in short x — μσ

[…] Where present for a factor, scores are normalised such that 1 equals the lowest value in the final dataset and 100 the highest value in the final dataset. The equation for normalization is as follows: score = (100–1) *x — min(X)max(X) — min(X)+1

The final score was determined by calculating the sum of the weighted average score of all the indicators.

From my experience of visiting some of these cities, I could only agree with the results.

Check also the video: The 8 Most Stressful Cities in The World – What They Can Teach Us

8th Most Stressful City in the World: Karachi, Pakistan

Karachi had decent results in things like traffic, weather, or financial stress. The city also has a relatively low cost of living even considering the local income.

But dreadful scores in noise pollution — It is curious how it has a low traffic index but high noise pollution at the same time. Maybe the few drivers are using their honks too frequently — health services and political stability put the largest city of Pakistan among the 8 most stressful cities in the world.

Karachi’s total score (from 0 to 100): 36.6

7th Most Stressful City in the World: Moscow, Russia

Among the 8 most stressful cities in the world, Moscow is the only one in a country with a high human development index (HDI > 0.800). It is also the only city not in Asia or Africa.

To make the Russian capital presence in this list even more peculiar, it scored excellent results in factors like air pollution — the city has plenty of green areas and industrial parks are far from residential zones.

The average salary in Moscow is also far higher than any other among the 8 most stressful cities in the world: at 1600 USD per month, it is over 300% of the average wage in Karachi, for example. Unemployment is only 3.6% — Lagos, in Nigeria, has it 10 times worse. It is also much higher than the average salary in Russia, one of the most unequal countries in the world.

So how Moscow came to be one of the 8 most stressful large cities in the world? The explanation is in 3 indicators where the Russian capital had terrible results:

1st — Moscow had the worst result of all the cities surveyed in vehicle traffic. The score varies between 1 and 100, and the Russian metropolis scored 1. According to The Moscow Times, the city has the worst traffic jams on the planet.

2nd — Financial Stress. Moscow has an average salary far higher than the rest of Russia. But the living costs skyrocketed, and land prices became prohibitive in many areas. In some streets, there is no real estate available for less than 22 million dollars.

3rd — Weather. The indicator considers the optimal conditions for human life. We are talking about a city with short but scorching summers and freezing and dark winters. Further explanations are unnecessary.

Moscow’s total score (from 0 to 100): 36.1

6th Most Stressful City in the World: Kabul, Afghanistan

Afghanistan is in the middle of a civil war, and the current government and Taliban dispute its capital. This is enough to understand why Kabul had the lowest results possible (1 on a scale between 1 and 100) in Safety & Security and Social & Political Stability. It also had the minimum score in healthcare access. Kabul is not in an even worse position thanks to the mild climate and the low living costs.

Kabul’s total score (from 0 to 100): 34.3

5th Most Stressful City in the World: Baghdad, Iraq

While Baghdad is not as dangerous as Kabul, it is still in an unstable region marked by conflict. Put in the equation the dry weather and the scarce natural resources to comprehend why the Iraq capital is among the 5 most stressful cities in the world.

Surprisingly, however, Baghdad has better healthcare services than most of the cities on this list.

Baghdad’s total score (from 0 to 100): 31.7

4th Most Stressful City in the World: New Delhi, India

Videos and photos of reddened, dusty skies over Indian megacities are often a topic of discussion about how progress can burden the environment. New Delhi had the worst possible scores in air pollution and social security, and one of the worst results in car traffic.

New Delhi’s total score (from 0 to 100): 31.5

3rd Most Stressful City in the World: Manila, Philippines

On the positive side, Manila had the best score on this list — and one of the best overall — in mental health. Years ago, while in Qatar, I worked with many Filipinos. They have an optimistic approach, even when facing natural disasters or economic difficulties.

I would bet that this approach contributes to their good score in mental health.

But Manila got the 3rd place among the most stressful cities in the world because of a terrible result in traffic (3.3 on a scale from 1 to 100), plus negative results in safety, pollution, and weather — to be in the center of a typhoon zone does not help.

It is also the most densely populated city on this list — over 20 thousand people per sq/km.

Manila’s total score (from 0 to 100): 29.4

2nd Most Stressful City in the World: Lagos, Nigeria

Lagos had the worst possible result in noise pollution, plus a single-digit score (on a scale that goes to 100) in healthcare access. It likewise performed poorly in safety, social & political stability, and unemployment. 37% of the population does not have a job.

Lagos’ total score (from 0 to 100): 19.9

The Worst among the Most Stressful Cities in the World: Mumbai, India

Mumbai is the 7th largest city in the world. It is also one of the most polluted; it has some of the worst traffic jams, has skies covered in pollution, is subject to floods, and has high living costs compared to the national income levels.

If all that is not enough, it had the minimal score in social security.

Mumbai total score (from 0 to 100): 1

If, instead of a stressful life, you are looking for challenges and countries with business opportunities and fast-growing economies. The articles below will help you with that:

The Best Countries to Start a New Life Abroad with No Money

10 Business-Friendly Countries with Low Taxes and Little Bureaucracy

Living in a Stressful City? Consider the 8 Least Stressful Places in The World

The best city for Digital Nomads and (some) expats!

Levi Borba is CEO of expatriateconsultancy.com, creator of the channel Small Business Hacks, and best-selling author. You can check his books here, his other articles here, or his Linkedin here.

Business in Europe

Why a Small Business Fail? The Major Reasons in…

An alert from the UK’s Federation of Small Business is a true eye-opener about why a small business fail.

In numerous countries, 2021 will be a year of exceptional economic growth. Not a surprise — it partially offsets the tragic numbers of 2020. Some nations, like Sweden or the United Kingdom, returned to the Pre-Covid levels already in the first semester. Below I list 3 major reasons why a small business fail in the post-Covid era.

(Remember however that also large businesses may fail terribly. One example is Nokia’s failure.)

The recovery creates unusual situations. Places like the US state of Minnesota are experiencing a labor shortage that led authorities and employers to declare they are in dire need of workers.

What explains, partially, the absence of people willing to apply to new jobs is the entrepreneurial boom. A considerable share of unemployed started their own business, or are planning to.

As reported by Experian and the U.S. Census, during the last year business starts soared 27 percent to 4.4 million in the US alone.

How many of these new firms will survive to their second year? How many will still be open in 2025?

During ordinary, non-pandemic times, these are the small business survival rates(data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics):

21.6% of small businesses collapse within the first year
31% of small businesses collapse within 2 years
49.3% of small businesses collapse within 5 years.
66.3% of small businesses collapse within 10 years.

The Federation of Small Businesses from the United Kingdom estimates that a quarter of a million small businesses could disappear in 2021 in the UK alone. The same alert is valid for any economy that was hit by the Covid crisis in 2021 — meaning nearly the entire world.

If you are thinking about taking the entrepreneurial road, you have my admiration— and, as Nassim Nicholas Taleb once wrote, fallen entrepreneurs deserve almost as much respect as fallen soldiers. Most of the jobs are created by small businesses, and entrepreneurs are the risk-takers that catalyze the economy.

The business traps listed below are more active than ever in 2021. If you are an entrepreneur or are planning to start a firm this year, pay close attention to them. I would like to see your firm alive and well in 2025.

Over-Optimism Leading to Poor Credit Arrangements

This is the first item on the list of why small business fail because it is also the first I made as an entrepreneur.

Years ago, I took a loan to expand my business. It had an interest rate of 6%, which I considered ok since my business plan forecasted an ROI (Return of Investment) of 8% per year.

The problem is that the sector of my first company (hospitality) has an average ROI of 4%. I expected to double the industry return. All that as a beginner. That was a very optimistic expectation.

To make things worse, the COVID crisis came. The 6% interest rate that I considered adequate became higher than our ROI. The loan turned to be a poor credit arrangement.

With the 2021 economic recovery, other entrepreneurs may risk the same path. Here is my alert: do not take credit considering your best-case scenario. Instead, consider the worst-case, and if your ROI is still larger than the interest rate, then, and only then, you take the loan.

As an alternative to bank loans, consider capitalization rounds. I made one 3 years ago — also thanks to the Talebian concept of Antifragility — and it reduced my risks compared to a loan. You will need to give periodic explanations to your partners about the business situation but this is little effort for the benefit of not paying dividends if you don’t profit — while banks will demand loan payment no matter your situation.

Another alternative I used to raise capital was crowdfunding, which is a good choice during uncertain times.

Book suggestion: All the Hows of a First-Time Business Owner: There is a thin line between bankruptcy and the freedom to be an entrepreneur

It is worse in the events, concert, and tourism industry

Banks work to maximize their return while reducing their risks — that is how every business should act.

To reduce risks, they tightened the credit criteria to the most affected sectors. This led to absurd requirements, like financial institutions demanding hotels to sell assets if they want to get credit.

Let’s think about this for a moment: a hotel chain is taking credit to survive but is forced to sell assets that, in an event of recovery, will make the income to pay the credit. That increases the risk that they will not make enough to pay their obligations.

It is the closest to financial suicide that someone can get.

Over-Optimism Leading to Over Hiring or Over Investment

When you have a once-in-a-century pandemic, planning gets hard. For years I worked at airline headquarters with demand forecasting. There, we worked with a concept called SE (Special Events) adjustments.

To put it straight, it means that disruptive events, like the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, make your local forecasts useless or even harmful. The 2020 Pandemic was the mother of all special events. Instead of local, it made global forecasts useless.

Without forecasting, planning is complicated. Jason Lee, owner of Healthy Framework, in an interview for Entrepreneur.com, stated

COVID is making forward planning near impossible. Without knowing how long it’s going to be here and to what degree, it’s nearly impossible to plan out marketing efforts, gauge staffing needs, or just know what our customers and clients need.

Planning mistakes can affect multiple areas. But none of them have the side-effects of staffing mistakes. When a firm over-hire, either they need to bear higher costs for undetermined periods, or they need to let people go. The first damages the bottom line, the second, the team morale.

When hiring, do not hire optimistically, but realistically. More employees than necessary result in idle talents, a slower work environment, and a lack of challenges and motivation. Failures that answer the question of why small businesses fail.

To help you, we wrote an article with strategic questions to ask candidates during job interviews for your business.

Growing Too Fast While Ignoring Marginal Costs

There is an episode of the comedy The Office where Michael Scott, the main character and paper company manager, decides to open his own firm and compete with his former employer.

At first, the Michael Scott Paper Company is an apparent success. Sales are growing so fast that he needs to make his team work extra hours — poor Ryan and Pam. But what Michael had as a sales genius, he lacked in finance. Days later, they discovered they had funds enough to survive only a week more.

They were selling at a loss. With the sales expansion, their marginal costs skyrocketed, unnoticed.

This is the mystery of unhealthy growth that answers why small business fail.

Often founders and managers confuse success with rapid expansion. Nobody wants to limit growth, but everyone wants — or at least should — to limit cost increase. If your sales increased to the point that to deliver it, you need to pay extra hours or hire pricey services, it is time to go to the old, boring excel and do the numbers.

Do you have cash flow enough to make these investments? Is the price of your product enough to cover it at a profit?

An alternative is to leverage price instead of production. Instead of selling more at the same price, sell the same at a higher price. This is one of the tools I learned working at the Revenue Management departments in global airlines. Airlines cannot easily create more seats in their planes — it would be too expensive or unpractical. So they leverage their prices.

Entrepreneurs often win the race against the competition by going slow and steady. The increase in marginal costs is one of the alarming signs that you are growing too quickly. Others are staff burnout, quality decline, delivery delays, etc.

Conclusion: Why a Small Business Fail? Nearly All Problems Are Caused by Insufficient Cash Flow

It is a well-known error from aspiring entrepreneurs to underestimate the funds they need — an error that I also committed once.

If you are planning your first business, in a new industry (like I was 5 years ago), maybe cash flow is still a mystery in that sector. There is an enormous chance that you will miscalculate the money needed to take your plans from paper, and the time necessary to recover it. Fortunately, in my case, I found a local ally that warned me of these mistakes.

Business often takes longer than expected to deliver their full results. This time gap is one of the reasons nearly 1/3 of the companies collapse before their second anniversary. When calculating your finances, consider the worst-case scenario for at least the first two years to plan how much money you will need.

Sales need time to pick up, and until there, you need cash flow to survive.

Because cash flow is for a business what water is for an aquarium. If you have a hole that leaks it out, you need to discover it and tamper it quickly, otherwise, it will go dry.

An aquarium without water means death to your goldfish. A business without cash flow is death to your entrepreneurial dreams — until you start again.

The three traps listed in this article either are causes or results from cash flow problems.

Over-optimism Leading to Poor Credit Arrangements. It happens when someone wants to invest but does not have the resources to do so neither the arguments to raise cheaper capital without using banks.
Over-optimism Leading to Over Hiring or Over Investment. A trap that results in layoffs or assets returned when the excess staff or machinery remains idle, and the cash to sustain them is not enough.
Growing too fast while ignoring Marginal Costs. A sped-up expansion can quickly increase marginal costs of production or marginal costs of sale, to where companies are trapped between not delivering their services/products or forced to take loans to honor contracts.

Selection of related articles to why a small business fail:

5 Books Every Entrepreneur Must Read This Year - Even Before Starting a Business

Lessons from Skin in The Game – Nassim Taleb

4 Industries and Jobs That Will Disappear Due to Technology

Cultural Shock

4 Polish Habits To Increase Productivity That You Can…

For more productivity and proven, time-tested ideas, check Small Business Hacks. From Entrepreneurs to Entrepreneurs.

Polish professionals are among the most productive in the world, according to a survey from DeskTime. It surprised me that their productivity was far superior to Germans, a fact that would amaze even Poles themselves. Maybe that is why salaries in Poland improved so drastically recently. But when you observe how the Poles carry their duties and some Polish habits, it is easy to understand.

What is Productivity?

First, it is important to make clear what I mean by productivity. Let’s adopt the simplest definition: it is the output divided by time (or resources used). Productivity is, in this sense, analogous to the rate of production. A way to measure it is by GDP produced by every worked hour.

Productivity depends on factors like training, incentives, and experience on the job. It can also be boosted (or curbed) by few cultural aspects.

I remember when I was working as a stockbroker in Brazil, and every Wednesday my colleagues went to eat Feijoada at a nearby restaurant during our lunch break. This is a traditional Brazilian dish that is very heavy to digest. It even makes me sleepy, so I avoided eating it during workdays. Some of the other guys in the operations room were at a slow pace during their post-feijoada hours*. A slow stockbroker is an inferior stockbroker.

What you eat — or when and how long you take to eat — is not the only factor to impact productivity. Trivial habits have an enormous influence on a person’s output. I realized that after adopting a few practices from the Poles. Things that made my productivity boost.

Reading at the Public Transport

I start this by saying that this habit in São Paulo or most western megacities can be complicated unless you commute to work in unusual times, with little passenger influx. If the transport is cramped, your priority is to breathe, stay on your feet and avoid pickpocketers.

In Poland, it is not like that. Here it is common to have enough personal space to open a book in its trams, metros, or buses. I used to live around 50 minutes far from my work. I adopted the Polish habit of reading, so I took an ebook reader with me. This minor change, alone, helped me to read over 40 books in a single year, including some excellent books for entrepreneurs that were on my must-read for years.

One curious fact that exemplifies our point: Warsaw is among the cities with most public libraries in the world.

I often see people complaining that they do not have time to read. When I ask what they do while they are sitting on the bus, they answer that they check Instagram or Facebook, gigantic time-wastes. Sure, Donna, every day you have a 1-hour commute to work and you tell me you have no time to read?

On a side note, I know it is tempting to reach for your phone and start scrolling on Facebook. Sometimes we even do it unconsciously. The solution I found is to put the phone in the backpack instead of my pocket.

Random things at Nature

Poland is one of the European countries with the largest proportion of its territory under environmental protection. They preserve 33% of their land in 2043 parks and natural reserves.

The abundance of natural areas serves well to the Polish habit of spending time in nature. Sometimes they do weird stuff, like a woman that almost died because she wanted to hike half-naked during winter. But on other occasions, they spend time in nature doing healthy activities. One of the funniest (and tastiest) polish idiosyncrasies is the habit of picking forest mushrooms.

Yes, you can buy them at the supermarket and they are not expensive. But this is not only about the mushrooms. It is about quality time spent with family and friends, breathing fresh air scented by pine trees, listening to birds, and watching squirrels and hedgehogs play around.

One still may argue: yes, to spend time in the forest is cool, but what is the relation of that with productivity?

The answer is that spending time in nature lowers your cortisol, improves cognitive function, and reduces blood pressure, increasing your overall productivity.

The Kanapki

Reading in the metro or hiking in forests are not exclusivities of Poland. But the habit of eating kanapki is something that I found nowhere else.

Most foreigners in Poland will discover it accidentally when they order a sandwich at a street stand and the attendant delivers something.. different. Because it is common that Poles understand kanapki and sandwiches as the same thing.

But they are not.

They are more similar to a giant version of the French canapé (the word kanapki derives from it) or the Spanish tapa. That is what every day, millions of Poles eat in their breakfasts or work breaks.

How the kanapki helps you to be more productive? They are easy to prepare and practical to eat, and they have fewer carbs than an ordinary sandwich, because they have 50% less bread. Carbs kill your productivity for a myriad of reasons, from messing with your insulin levels to flooding your brain with sleep hormones like serotonin and tryptophan.

No Lunch — at least at work.

During one of my first meetings with my wife — back then, my girlfriend, we had an extensive discussion about the polish word obiad. She translates it as “dinner”, while I call it “lunch”.

The truth is that obiad is neither.

It is later than what we call almoço in Portuguese or almuerzo in Spanish. In both Iberian cultures, this is the largest meal, happening around 13:00, and usually taking one hour or more. Some people even take a nap after it.

Obiad, on the other side, is around 16:00, and, depending on how quickly a person returns home after work, you have it with family.

Therefore, in Poland, lunch virtually does not exist — my wife still disagrees with me, she keeps insisting that obiad is lunch.

This is not a surprise only for Latin-Americans or Iberians, but even Brits are surprised that during lunchtime Poles stay working at their desks. The absence of a longer lunch break is common in other cultures, like in Germany, but rare, and even illegal, in most romance cultures.

How does that help? Fewer breaks lead to a better mental flow, using the primal resources of our mind, like hunger.

Conclusion: Polish Habits to Increase Productivity

There are few habits that I learned in Poland that raised my productivity and helped me to get more from my time.

Read on public transport, using my commuting time to learn useful things for my entrepreneurial journey.
Spend more time in nature, to reduce my cortisol and stress levels.
Eat Kanapki, and cut carbs.
Cut long lunch hours to interrupt my mental flow when performing cognitively demanding tasks, also called deep work.

The above-average Polish productivity is not new. We are talking about a nation that, after the II World War destruction, rebuilt its capital in only five years. There are many other things one can learn with the Polish habits, although I still find it disgusting to eat pizza with garlic sauce.

If you are planning to live abroad, it is a good time to check the things to buy before moving out, but if you already live abroad, I recommend this simple but life-changing advice for expatriates.

PS: After learning these interesting Polish Habits, if you want to know some interesting findings of productivity and multitasking (they will surprise you), watch the video below.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RPNeLnRmeMu0026t=329s

Levi Borba is CEO of expatriateconsultancy.com, creator of the channel Small Business Hacks, and a best-selling author. You can check his books here, his other articles here, or his Linkedin here.

Cultural Shock

Types of Expatriates

Reasons for Expatriation: Only 16% Look For a Better Life. What about The Rest?

What Is the Definition of an Expatriate?

An expatriate is someone who has moved from their native country to live in another country. The term is often used in the business world to refer to workers who have been sent by their employer (usually a large company or government) to another country for an extended period of time.

The word expatriate comes from the Latin word “ex” and the Greek word “patria,” both of which mean “out of one’s native land.”

Traditionally, an expatriate is considered to be someone who stays abroad for at least three months, although this definition is flexible. While it is possible to be an expatriate without being a diplomat, most expatriates work in foreign countries on behalf of their native country. Expats are not a homogenous group, and there are at least 6 very distinct types of expatriates (more about it in the next paragraphs).

Expatriate man. Understanding the reason people move abroad helps to answer what does expatriation mean. — Understanding the reason people move abroad helps to answer *what does expatriation mean*.

Whare are the reasons for expatriation?

There are plenty of questions to answer when you are moving out. Instead of asking which one of the types of expatriates we are, our doubts are about more trivial things, like:

● Will my money, or salary, be enough?

● Where will I live?

● Can I speak their language, or at least learn it without a headache?

● What will I do with my belongings? Should I sell or ship it?

● What about the bureaucracy or the visa procedures?

● What should I do in case of getting sick or if i need emergency care?

I had been in these situations several times in my life. In another article, I wrote about some of the troubles that expatriates experience. But here you will learn how to understand what you are, so you can look for the correct answers. This is the very first step for anyone moving out from home.

After you learn to identify where you are among the types of expatriates, it may shock you to know that people move abroad without thinking about it! It may be the reason so many of them come back frustrated.

Periodically the network InterNations promotes The Expat Insider, one of the biggest worldwide surveys about immigration and emigration. They made a convenient division of the expats into 6 types.

Reasons for expatriation: The 6 types of expatriates.

Photo of an expat in a suit. An expatriate is someone who has moved out of the country for a few reasons, and for each reason, there is a different type. Which one is yours? — An expatriate is someone who has moved out of the country for a few reasons, and for each reason, there is a different type. Which one is yours?

1. The Optimizer: Representing 16% of the total, they moved for a better quality of life, finances, political, religious, or safety reasons. The majority of them are men (56%) and are in a relationship (66%).

2. The Explorer: They make 12% of the total, and moved because of the appeal of living abroad, or because they were looking for new adventures and challenges. Their numbers are quite balanced between men and women, and just a small minority have children.

3. The Foreign Assignee: Making 10% of the expats, they went abroad by request of their existing employers, and the large majority of them are men in a relationship.

4. The Go-Getter: Representing 21% of the respondents, they moved out to start their business, find a job, or were recruited locally. The majority are well-educated men in a relationship.

5. The Travelling Spouse: This 8% of the whole expat community are the ones moved to follow their partners. If most of the types until now are male-dominated, in this one, women are an absolute majority: 86%.

6. The Romantic: The last category represents 12% of the total. They moved to the country of their partners. Most are women in a relationship, but there are a significant number of men in this category (me included).

One interesting thing here is that the categories are not definitive. There are plenty of cases where Foreign Assignees become Go-Getters when they spot an opportunity and change from employees to employers. The Romantic also often is part of another category besides their current one.

When I moved to Chile, I was a Foreign Assignee, the same as when I moved to Qatar. My life in Poland started as a Romantic, but almost after my arrival, I also turned into a Go-Getter by starting my business. Henceforth, categories and types of expatriates should not limit or make you think you will always belong to only one of them. Eventually, expatriates will move from one to the other.

Conclusion: Reasons for expatriation and The 6 types of expatriates.

The 6 types of expatriates are:

The Optimizer (16% of the total)
The Explorer (12% of the total)
The Foreign Assignee (10% of the total)
The Go-Getter (21% of the total)
The Travelling Spouse (8% of the total)
The Romantic (12% of the total)

Have in mind that each of those types of expatriates has its own goals and dreams. Each of them have also their advantages and disadvantages. A Travelling Spouse or the Romantic may not feel as alone as an Explorer, while the Foreign Assignee, with the guaranteed income source from his job, will take less risk.

There is also a type not represented above in any category: individuals moving away to evade their families and domestic problems. My best guess for their absence is that they are short-lived. When you move away to escape from your private problems, you will not solve them at all. You are just making it even more difficult to solve them by distance when it gets unbearable.

There is another important characteristic you will discover when understanding your type: if you are a provisional or long-lasting expat. The first is someone planning to live abroad for a certain, pre-established number of years. The second is a person who is moving out with a long-term plan or permanently. A foreign assignee or explorer most likely will be a provisional, unless they fall in love with a local or start their own business, becoming, respectively, a romantic or go-getter, two long-lasting types.

Are your plans in your new country temporary or long-term? Are you moving out just to progress in your career and then return home with a bigger salary or are you willing to build a new life outside?

The first secret of life abroad is to know yourself by answering those questions. You cannot follow the other rules, especially the numbers 2 and 3, before defining who you are. You cannot research what is better for you or what are your goals if you don’t know what you are looking for. The answer to these questions not only will make you feel more comfortable and secure, but they will be a basis for better expatriate life.

Ask yourself why you are leaving. Ask yourself if you are planning to come back soon. Then, you will have self-knowledge enough for the next steps.

If you are planning to live abroad, it is a good time to check the things to buy before moving out, but if you already live abroad, I recommend this simple but life-changing advice for expatriates.

Independent of what you are among the types of expatriates, you can save money with the hacks from this book.

Levi Borba is CEO of expatriateconsultancy.com, creator of the channel The Expat, and a best-selling author. You can check his books here, his other articles here, or his Linkedin here.

Cultural Shock

Problems of Culture Shock at Work and Life

The Logic to Ace Any Problems of Culture Shock

With higher mobility between cities, regions, industries, and continents, there is an equal boost in intercultural issues. Maybe you already had problems of culture shock or saw one cultural shock problem of the listed below:

Different approaches to power and authority. Individuals from societies like Japan or Malaysia, perform well under rigid hierarchical structures. Meanwhile, Scandinavians or Canadians favor more flexible authority schemes.
Individualism vs Collectivism. They praise individual initiative in Australia or the US. On the other side, in Asian countries like China it carries negative shades. In collectivist societies, initiative happens in coordination with the sorrounding stakeholders, or higher authorities.
Risk Aversion. Cultures vary in their inclination to take risks. That in part explains, for example, why the British explored almost the entire globe. Great Britain is one of the least risk-averse societies on the planet.

The cultural differences mentioned above are part of the discoveries from the Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede. In a previous article, we wrote about Hofstede’s findings on cultural shock. In another article, I explained how these discrepancies in societal attitudes contribute to the feeling of homesickness to the point of, in certain cases, making it unbearable.

Why Do Problems of Culture Shock Happen?

Picture of 2 guys in a donkey cart. While sometimes it may work in your favor, here we will discuss culture shock as a problem faced by expatriates. — While sometimes it may work in your favor, here we will discuss culture shock as a problem faced by expatriates.

There is a special type of problem that is forgotten when we talk about the cultural shock problem. It is a constant in universities and workplaces, harming cooperation between international teams or corporate departments. It caught my attention how this trouble is so harmful but still nearly nobody talks about it.

It is the Inertial Antagonism Syndrome. A widespread disorder slowing down or even blocks creativity and problem-solving qualities.

To understand what is inertial antagonism, think about mob rejection. It is the reaction entire communities have when they conform to a long-standing problem and do not know how to overcome it. Often people know that there is a problem, but they just prefer to keep the status quo instead of trying other ways to solve it.

The roots of inertial antagonism are assumptions we have against foreign methods. Sometimes these assumptions are well justified and avoid disasters. Often, on the other side, they are psychological barriers.

A famous example of Inertial Antagonism Syndrome happened in Spain. Vanderlei Luxemburgo is one of the most victorious Brazilian football coaches in history. He accepted to train Real Madrid in 2004.

The team had a squad filled with some of the most successful players of the time, nicknamed Galacticos. Luxemburgo adopted techniques like the quadrado mágico (magical square), a very offensive, Brazilian-minted formation. Spanish specialists warned that such an offensive style could not fit European fields. Later, Real Madrid fired him.

When locals tell you that the techniques from your land will not work here, listen to them and analyze their objections with the utmost care. If there are shreds of evidence that your once successful methods will not work, rethink your ways. But if there is no evidence of failure besides the typical inertial antagonism, then go forward, but with caution. Just like Ward Chartier.

Culture shock examples

Below is an example of culture shock and a recipe to avoid the inertial antagonism syndrome and solve the entire problem

Mr. Chartier is a seasoned expatriate. For 14 years, he lived in five different countries, including the Far East. When I asked about the conflicts created by bringing foreign methods and cultural characteristics, he answered me:

We, Americans, have the unfortunate reputation of being arrogant and loud. My personality is neither, but I still remained aware of the general perception and acted to avoid it. In addition, I avoided slang, spoke slower than my usual moderate pace of speech, and enunciated clearly.

A few people derided my methods and management tools as “Western thinking. Won’t work here.” My methods and tools were actually a hybrid of East and West, which I explained, but some remained intransigent. Let them think what they wish. My results were financially and operationally successful for the benefit of my customers and employers.

There are two points in the answer of Mr. Chartier that I would like to highlight:

1. There was a negative preconception from the locals. It was the idea that Americans are arrogant and loud. To confront and defeat this assumption, Mr. Chartier avoided giving any sign of these undesired characteristics. Perhaps behavior toward self-policing is a tiresome effort, and that is true. It sometimes feels that all the time you are stepping on eggs, or walking through a minefield to not hurt sensibilities.

Here it is important to balance how much you want to build an excellent reputation and establish a healthy image in your new environment. If this is a must for you, start avoiding now attitudes that give fuel to stereotypes.

2. When people doubted his battle-tested techniques, his first attitude was to check if there was any evidence to justify their doubt. Maybe they knew something that he didn’t? Maybe they already tried it before, and it already failed? Or maybe there was no raw (or human) material for this kind of solution in the place?

Talk to the grocery cashier: The source to close problems of culture shock.

Female grocery cashier. A solution for culture shock problem may come from a simple conversation with the grocery cashier. — A solution for culture shock problem may come from a simple conversation with the grocery cashier.

Remember that locals are in their places way before your arrival, so it is worth listening to their objections. This is one reason behind a recommendation I make to clients of my consulting firm that intend to venture into new territories. First have a talk with the grocery store cashier, or with the taxi driver. These locals have valuable insider advice that can soar the adaptation pace of any newcomer.

After careful investigation, Mr. Chartier realized that the critics of his imported system had no factual basis. They did not try his idea before. It never failed in a similar scenario, and it was applicable in the Far East. People resisted because of pure inertial antagonism. So he applied his methods and proved that they work by achieving excellent results.

Point 2 is a sympathetic approach to dealing with reactions like “the techniques from your land will not work here”. Investigate, ask questions, and level the expectations to realistic standards. A wonderful tool for this kind of investigation is the PEST analysis.

By using point 2, you will manage to implement innovative ideas in your university or workplace while keeping healthy relationships with locals. Locals are, according to empirical evidence, among the most important allies to a successful career or business.

Regarding point 1, not giving reasons for people to believe in their preconceptions is prudent, but only if they are negative. If they are positive presumptions, be aware that you have a positive reputation to justify. One example is the natural expectation that British and Swiss citizens will be punctual.

Even if it is just a stereotype, it is positive, so worth keeping it, right?

If you live far from your home, check this article I prepared for you about homesickness.

This article about solutions for problems of culture shock is a small part of the book below, and highly recommended.

Levi Borba is the founder of expatriateconsultancy.com, creator of the channel The Expat, and best-selling author. You can check his books here, his other articles here, or his Linkedin here.